ブロイラー「スキゾフレニア」100周年をめぐって

Berrios, German E., “Eugen Bleuler’s Place in the History of Psychiatry”, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(2011), 1095-98.
今年はスイスの精神科医のブロイラーが、『早発性痴呆または精神分裂病群』(1911)で「スキゾフレニア」という疾患概念を提出してから100周年というわけで、あちこちの雑誌でブロイラーの特集が組まれている。『スキゾフレニア・ビュレティン』はさすがに大特集を組んでいて、その特集号に精神医学史の大御所、ハーマン・ベリオスが面白いイントロダクションを書いている。ある精神科医を歴史的に「顕彰する」ということの根拠は何か、という問いから始まって、もしスキゾフレニアが自然界の植物や動物のように「発見される」ものであれば、直線的で現在中心的な歴史観を持つとしたら、もしブロイラーをそれを「発見した」のであれば彼を顕彰するのはたやすい。しかし、スキゾフレニアがもし歴史的に構成されたものだとしたら、ブロイラーを顕彰する根拠はどうなるのだろうか、という考察をしている。

19th century Alienists realized that a pantheon of procures would be useful to their trade and social standing: by the 1850s, national pantheons had already been constituted and by the early 20th century, a well-populated international Valhalla was in existence. … the rules for pantheonization remain unclear and their enactors shadowy. To do justice to Eugen Bleuler’s place in the pantheon of psychiatry, this obscurity needs some illumination. 1095

If schizophrenia is a natural kind (ie. Like an exotic plant in the Amazonian forest, it can be discovered but not constructed), then Bleuler is an echt discoverer, and that is the end of the story. However, if by some twisted fate schizophrenia turns out to be a historical construct to be discarded when useless, then what would happen to Bleuler’s place in the pantheon. –

The linear view of schizophrenia invites presentism, ie, selecting past views as valuable and anticipatory on the basis of their coincidence with the current definition of true and scientific. 1096

It is not surprising that his ideas fell into the deaf ears of a psychiatry that in its efforts to be a hard science happily and uncritically adopted the positivist epistemology of the interbellum period. Unable to accept the dire consequences that his view had for the notion of “mental illness”, the psychiatry of his time cast Bleuler into the role of a mere renamer and continuator. We should not repeat this mistake. 1097.